Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis Explained

1. Initial consultation:

Medical history: Personal and family medical history will be discussed, to determine risk factors.

The pelvic examination helps detect any abnormalities in size, shape, or tenderness in pelvic organs, giving an initial clue about a possible ovarian mass or other issues needing further testing.

2. Imaging tests:

TVU: Helps detect ovarian masses, distinguishing between solid tumours and cysts by analysing their size, shape, texture, and blood flow. This is the most common imaging method for ovarian cancer suspicion.

CT scan and MRI: Useful to assess the size of tumours and whether cancer has spread beyond the ovaries, which is important for staging the disease and treatment planning. 

PET Scan: Sometimes used to locate cancer spread as the rapid growth of cancer cells requires higher absorption of sugar than healthy cells.

3. Blood Tests:

CA-125:

1. CA-125 is a protein elevated in about 80% of ovarian cancer cases, especially in advanced stages.

2. CA-125 is not definitive for cancer but helps in diagnosis when combined with imaging and other assessments and can also be useful for monitoring treatment response and recurrence.

Genetic testing:

1. What they measure: Inherited mutations in genes like BRCA1 or BRCA2.

2. Reasoning: Knowing if a patient has genetic mutations helps personalise treatment plans and informs family members about their potential cancer risks, which can lead to preventive strategies.

Surgery and Biopsy:

May be done via minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy).

Reasoning: Biopsy remains the gold standard to confirm cancer presence by examining cells directly.